Questionable research practices of medical and dental faculty in Pakistan - a confession.

PURPOSE: Intellectual honesty and integrity are the cornerstones of conducting any form of research. Over the last few years, scholars have shown great concerns over questionable research practices (QRPs) in academia. This study aims to investigate the questionable research practices amongst faculty members of medical and dental colleges in Pakistan. METHOD: A descriptive multi-institutional online survey was conducted from June-August 2022. Based on previous studies assessing research misconduct, 43 questionable research practices in four domains: Data collection & storage, Data analysis, Study reporting and Collaboration & authorship were identified and investigated. Descriptive (Frequencies, Percentages, Mean, SD) and Inferential (chi square) statistics were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 654 faculty members responded. Every respondent reported committing at least one QRP in their career. The most common QRPs included deliberately failing to mention funding, publishing program evaluation data not meant for research purposes or approved by an ethical body, inappropriately storing identifiable information and non-disclosure of any conflicts. There was significant association of age, gender and academic rank with QRPs in 'Data collection and storage' and 'Data Analysis' domains. CONCLUSION: Medical and dental faculty members participating in this study are involved in a range of questionable research practices (QRPs) in Pakistan. Their confession might have contributed to the faculty developing self-awareness and reinforcing academic integrity. There is a need for reviewing policies and practices to improve research culture. Future research should explore the factors resulting in such practices.

Black and Hispanic predoctoral dental students' perceptions and considerations of careers in academic dentistry.

BACKGROUND: Dental schools aim to train and support a diverse dentist workforce. Among all faculty, full-time and part-time faculty who identify as members of historically underrepresented groups are 13.9% and 8.4%, respectively. The recruitment and retention of faculty is a known challenge, with growing faculty vacancies at dental schools. This study explored dental student perceptions of academic careers, specifically focusing on Black and Hispanic predoctoral students. METHODS: From August to November 2022, we conducted focus group with second-, third-, and fourth-year predoctoral dental students who identified as Black or Hispanic using a semi-structured interview guide that was developed for this study. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four themes emerged: (1) students perceived academic dental dentistry as inclusive but not diverse spaces for Black and Hispanic people; (2) academic dental careers were perceived as secondary careers; (3) academic dental careers were perceived as a career option with a lack of autonomy and less income, compared to clinical practice in other settings; (4) students expressed a lack of knowledge about pathways to academic dental careers. Despite these challenges, students expressed interest in academic dental careers and noted being inspired by younger faculty members. CONCLUSION: Dental schools must do more to encourage dental students to consider careers in academic dentistry. Pathway programs, mentoring, and the presentation of academic careers as a viable career option for students by faculty should be further emphasized practices. Increasing the diversity of faculty members is also key. Students cannot be who they cannot see.

Gender trends in dentistry: Dental faculty and academic leadership.

OBJECTIVES: Gender equality in the healthcare workforce has been a topic of discourse for many decades. In dental academia, women's representation of enrolled students and faculty has risen consistently since the 1980s. However, women in faculty leadership positions may still be lagging when compared to men. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the number of women who occupy the upper echelons of academic rank and title by analyzing cross-referenced data from the American Dental Association and the American Dental Education Association on women dental school graduates in relation to academic appointments. METHODS: Gender distribution in rank, title, and appointments in the decade from 2011 to 2019, as well as percentage of women graduates over the same period, were collected for descriptive statistics. Multiple linear regression analysis, Cochran Armitage, and chi-square tests were conducted to examine trends over the years and to determine significant differences in overall percentages (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The total women faculty percentages ranged from 36% to 40%. While the lower-level rank of instructor retained a higher representation of women (56%-65%), the higher rank of professor had disproportionately lower women percentages (18%-26%). Graduates, full-time faculty, lower-level academic ranks, and higher-level academic ranks for women followed similar upward trends that were statistically significant (p < 0.05). When comparing the different groups against each other, the annual increase in women DMD/DDS graduate percentage was higher than women full-time faculty (0.28%), instructor rank (0.92%), professor rank (0.50%), and department chair appointments (0.49%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that women are still underrepresented at higher academic ranks. However, the upward trends for professors, assistant deans, and program chairs suggest that in recent years, more women faculty may have been encouraged, mentored, or offered higher administrative positions in academic institutions.

Homenagem ao Prof. Dr. Learreta / Tribute to Prof. Dr. Learreta / Homenaje al Prof. Dr. Learreta

Preito de gratidão ao Professor Dr. Jorge Alfonso Learreta. Nascido em Buenos Aires, Argentina, em 11/12/1949. Cursou Odontologia aos 17 anos. Seus conhecimentos em Histologia o fez ganhar uma bolsa de estudos para a França. Aqui estudou com cirurgiões renomados e voltou para Argentina. Especializou-se em Ortodontia e Ortopedia funcional em 1971. Tinha uma ampla rede de amigos e mestres em diversas partes do mundo. Começou a investir em tecnologia para estudar a ATM no início dos anos 90. Especializou-se em estudo das imagens e já em 1994, possuía casos com RNM antes e depois dos tratamentos, algo que veio a se tornar o padrão-ouro da sua filosofia. Homem estudioso, conhecedor de vasta literatura e de inteligência indescritível com grande poder de observação e raciocínio, vivenciou diversos problemas na Odontologia com soluções simples e geniais. O prof. Learreta é a definição de uma pessoa a frente de seu tempo que deixa um legado na odontologia da dor orofacial e seus ensinamentos foram além da neurofisiologia da ATM.

I offer gratitude to Professor Dr. Jorge Alfonso Learreta. Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 12/11/1949. He studied Dentistry at the age of 17. His knowledge in Histology earned him a scholarship to France. Here he studied with renowned surgeons and returned to Argentina. He specialized in Orthodontics and Functional Orthopedics in 1971. He had a wide network of friends and teachers in different parts of the world. He began investing in technology to study the TMJ in the early 90s. He specialized in studying images and in 1994, he had cases with MRI before and after treatments, something that became the gold standard of his philosophy . A studious man, knowledgeable about vast literature and indescribable intelligence with great power of observation and reasoning, he experienced several problems in Dentistry with simple and ingenious solutions. The prof. Learreta is the definition of a person ahead of his time who leaves a legacy in orofacial pain dentistry and his teachings went beyond the neurophysiology of TMJ.

Ofrezco agradecimiento al Profesor Dr. Jorge Alfonso Learreta. Nacido en Buenos Aires, Argentina, el 11/12/1949. Estudió Odontología a los 17 años. Sus conocimientos en Histología le valieron una beca para Francia. Aquí estudió con reconocidos cirujanos y regresó a la Argentina. Se especializó en Ortodoncia y Ortopedia Funcional en 1971. Contaba con una amplia red de amigos y profesores en diferentes partes del mundo. Comenzó a invertir en tecnología para estudiar la ATM a principios de los 90. Se especializó en el estudio de imágenes y en 1994 tuvo casos con resonancia magnética antes y después de los tratamientos, algo que se convirtió en el estándar de oro de su filosofía. Hombre estudioso, conocedor de vasta literatura e inteligencia indescriptible con gran poder de observación y razonamiento, experimentó varios problemas en Odontología con soluciones simples e ingeniosas. El prof. Learreta es la definición de una persona adelantada a su tiempo que deja un legado en la odontología del dolor orofacial y sus enseñanzas fueron más allá de la neurofisiología de la ATM.

Dental teaching faculty involvement in research activities.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine personal and professional factors in determining the research activity and research culture among dental teaching faculty members in Hyderabad City, Telangana. Materials and Method: Two dental schools with ongoing dental undergraduate and postgraduate programmes were included in the study. The Research and Development (R&D) Culture Index Questionnaire comprising 16 items was employed for this study. Also, self-reported research activity undertaken in the past twelve months was recorded. The association of demographic variables and professionally related variables with the perception of R&D culture and participation in research activities was assessed using the Chi-square test. A P value was set at 0.05. Results: Of the one-hundred and fifteen faculty members who participated in the study, seventy-four (64.4%) worked in the government sector and forty-one (35.6%) in privately funded dental college. The mean age of the study population was 34.11 + 7.13 years. The majority of them presented a paper or poster at the conference (66.1%; 76) followed by publishing paper in peer-review journal (42.6%; 49) and grant application for research (6.1%; 7), and authoring of a textbook was undertaken by only 2.6% of the study population. Males (61.1%; P = 0.04) and those employed in private dental college (65.8%; P = 0.02) had significantly high levels of overall perception than their respective counterparts. Conclusion: Our study concludes that this study population has a positive perception (50.32 + 6.95) towards research with the majority of them having done a paper or poster publication (66.1%) in the last one year.

Effectiveness of Online Faculty Calibration Activities.

Purpose Dental hygiene faculty members must be able to provide evidence of skill calibration for clinical evaluation of students. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of online instructional videos compared to in-person sessions for faculty calibration.Methods A randomized crossover pretest/posttest research design was used to evaluate online and in-person faculty calibration activities. Fifteen faculty members from a baccalaureate dental hygiene program were randomly assigned to an AB or BA sequence for calibration sessions on two different instruments. Following a 2-week washout period, the groups switched activity modalities. A pretest, posttest, and retention test, administered 10 weeks following the activity, were administered to determine learning levels and the new and retained knowledge. A 7-point Likert scale questionnaire evaluated the reaction to and impact of the calibration activities. Descriptive statistics analyzed demographic and Likert scale data. Paired samples t-tests were used to analyze the research questions (p≤0.05).Results Online calibration activities yielded higher posttest scores than in-person activities (p=0.01). Findings related to feelings of confidence revealed a greater percentage of participants agreed that online calibration activities increased their ability to evaluate student performance. Findings related to feelings of preparedness supported equal percentages of participants who agreed the online and in-person activities increased their ability to teach dental hygiene instrumentation. There was no significant difference between in-person and online retention test scores (p=0.235).Conclusion Faculty members agreed that both online and in-person calibration activities were an effective use of their time and contributed to greater feelings of confidence and preparedness. However, the online calibration activities seemed to be more effective at increasing calibration on instrumentation. More research is needed to determine additional effective strategies for online calibration of clinical faculty.

Exploring dental faculty perceptions of current strategies and barriers to retention.

PURPOSE: The aims of the study were to identify perceived strategies for and barriers to faculty retention and examine differences regarding age, gender, and race. METHODS: Cross-sectional data was captured from the eight author-affiliated dental schools. A Qualtrics survey was emailed to all faculty members at these institutions (1467 possible participants) between November 2021 and February 2022. The survey was formulated from best practices listed in the American Dental Education Association Faculty Diversity Toolkit. It consisted of 18 questions, including demographic information and faculty perceptions of their respective workplaces. These responses were then evaluated with descriptive statistics, Chi-squared analysis, Pearson Correlation, and Fleiss' kappa. RESULTS: The survey's response rate was 19.2%. There was no significant difference in perceived retention strategies across race, age, gender, practice tenure, practice type, or clinical versus tenure track. The top four barriers identified were inadequate financial compensation, workload, poor work environment, and burnout. There was a significant difference between racial groups and their perceived barrier of support for promotion (p = 0.048). This was more prevalent among clinical faculty (47.7%) than tenure track faculty (16.2%). The work environment was listed as a leading factor for both promoting retention and encouraging the exodus of faculty members. CONCLUSION: Strategies aimed at improving financial compensation, career recognition, and transparency of the promotion process, along with those aimed at improving the work environment were shown to be vital to retaining faculty. Though the low response rate is a study limitation, these findings provide valuable information and a framework for future studies regarding dental faculty recruitment and retention.

Reshaping dental faculty development using collective healthcare experiences.

Dental academics provide a fulfilling career path to educate the next generation of oral health professionals. The number of dentists choosing a career in dental academics is declining and existing faculty are opting for other career options. As the number of dental schools increase across the US, a critical shortage of educators may be evidenced. In dentistry, innovative approaches to develop academic faculty are not keeping pace with the growing needs of dental faculty, who are challenged to establish a fulfilling work-life balance. This work reviews existing methods that other health professions implement to develop faculty for successful career growth. This review highlights factors and related cofactors that influence career development among dental faculty. Recommendations are presented as potential solutions based on the assessment of similar experiences published by related academic healthcare professions. Dental academia must increase attention to faculty needs and awareness by conducting institutional-specific studies to address these issues with customizable solutions.

Defining success in healthcare education: US dental student and faculty perspectives.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: Academic metrics and clinical performance are necessary but alone insufficient in describing success in dental education. This paper identifies themes critical for dental student success as commonly cited by both dental students and faculty. METHODS: Dental faculty interviews and pre-doctoral D2/D3/D4 student focus groups at two dental institutions generated data for thematic analysis. Themes were individually identified then merged, compared, and contrasted to establish a definitive list of key themes reflected in student and faculty comments. RESULTS: Twenty-five pre-doctoral students participated in one of four focus groups (two focus groups at each dental institution). Thirteen dental education faculty across two institutions participated in structured interviews. Thematic analysis produced five overlapping themes identified by both students and faculty across the two institutions: seeking understanding, collaborative spirit, personal ownership, organization, and broadened perspective. Faculty-specific themes identified long-term retention, a strong moral compass, and self-sufficiency as critical for student success. Student-specific themes identified their most successful peers to have a positive attitude, a perspective focused on personal investment and self-care, as well as access to professional mentors. CONCLUSION(S): Both faculty and students in dental education perceive behaviors illustrative of a growth mindset as hallmarks of success in the oral healthcare profession. Relatedly, students exemplifying resilience and/or grit must believe their efforts to be worthwhile and impactful.

Dental school quality assessment: Effect of student calibration on the outcomes of fixed prosthodontic cases.

BACKGROUND: Quality assurance (QA) of predoctoral dental student laboratory work is an essential part of the learning process that involves evaluating the student's ability, providing constructive feedback, helping develop the students' ability to self-assess, and promoting collegiality and communication among students, faculty, and laboratories. Faculty calibration, while often difficult to coordinate, is also necessary to providing consistent student feedback. AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether periodic calibration exercises with the fourth-year dental students and faculty impacted the number of student cases rejected during Quality Assurance evaluation of fixed prosthodontic cases submitted to The Dental College of Georgia laboratory tracking. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study provided evidence that ongoing calibration did result in a reduced number of incoming QA rejections in all periods reviewed except for one in which there was significant turnover among department faculty affecting QA calibration for that time period.

Valoración por los docentes de telesimulación en el grado de Odontología durante la COVID-19 / Assessment by telesimulation teachers in the Dentistry degree during COVID-19

Introducción: Debido a la pandemia por COVID-19, en la educación se implementaron diversas estrategias innovadoras de aprendizaje. El objetivo es conocer la experiencia de los docentes de la carrera de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile, sede de Temuco, que utilizaron telesimulación como metodología de enseñanza en el contexto de pandemia. Sujetos y métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa mediante un estudio intrínseco de casos. La muestra de 12 participantes fue no probabilística, intencionada de casos por criterios y por conveniencia. La recolección de datos fue a través de grupos focales. El análisis se realizó por reducción progresiva de la información. El estudio fue autorizado por el comité de ética de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile, sede de Temuco. Resultados: Se develaron 181 unidades de significado relevantes para el estudio agrupadas en cuatro categorías: ‘Significado de haber vivido la experiencia de telesimulación', ‘Factores que facilitan la telesimulación como estrategia metodológica', ‘Factores que dificultan la telesimulación como estrategia metodológica' y ‘Sugerencias para la implementación de la telesimulación en el futuro'. Finalmente, emergen dos dominios cualitativos: ‘Componentes asociados a factores que inciden en la telesimulación' y ‘Aportes de los docentes como resultado de haber vivido la experiencia'. Conclusiones: Docentes destacan, según su experiencia, que la telesimulación fue demandante y agotadora por los tiempos de dedicación para su desarrollo. Reconocieron el desconocimiento de la didáctica y los problemas de conectividad de los estudiantes.(AU)

Introduction: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, various innovative learning strategies were implemented in education. The objective is to know the experience of the teachers of the Dentistry Career of the Autonomous University of Chile, Temuco campus, who used telesimulation as a teaching methodology in the context of a pandemic. Subjects and methods: A qualitative investigation was carried out through an intrinsic case study. The sample of 12 participants, was non-probabilistic, intentional of cases by criteria and for convenience. Data collection was through focus groups. The analysis was carried out by progressive reduction of the information. Study authorized by the Ethics Committee of the Autonomous University of Chile, Temuco headquarters. Results: One hundred eighty-one units of meaning relevant to the study were revealed, grouped into 4 categories: ‘Meaning of having lived the experience of Telesimulation', ‘Factors that facilitate telesimulation as a methodological strategy', ‘Factors that hinder telesimulation as a methodological strategy' and ‘Suggestions for the implementation of remote simulation in the future'. Finally, two qualitative domains emerge: Components associated with factors that affect telesimulation and Contributions from teachers as a result of having lived the experience. Conclusions: Teachers highlight based on their experience. That telesimulation it was demanding and exhausting, due to the dedication times for its development. They recognized lack of knowledge of the didactics and connectivity problems of the students.(AU)

Percepción de la Virtualización de la Asignatura de Anatomía Humana Normal y Embriología en Pandemia / Perception of the Virtualization of the Subject of Normal Human Anatomy and Embriology in a Pandemic

Debido a la pandemia y las restricciones en cuanto a la presencialidad, diferentes metodologías de aprendizaje debieron ser exploradas e implementadas para virtualizar los contenidos en la asignatura de Anatomía. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la percepción de los docentes y alumnos con respecto a las metodologías utilizadas en la virtualización de dicha asignatura. Estudio observacional- descriptivo, con enfoque cuantitativo. La población de estudio correspondió a una muestra por conveniencia constituida por 57 alumnos y 4 docentes pertenecientes a la asignatura de Anatomía Humana Normal y Embriología de la carrera de Odontología, Universidad Andrés Bello, sede Viña del Mar, dictada el año 2021. Dichos participantes contestaron un cuestionario validado que contemplaba preguntas cerradas con escala de Likert de 5 niveles, considerando las dimensiones de aprendizaje, motivación y rendimiento, y preguntas de calificación para conocer la percepción sobre las estrategias y recursos utilizados. Los alumnos perciben positivamente todos los recursos digitales, destacando el Manual de Anatomía Humana Normal, siendo el aprendizaje, la dimensión mejor evaluada. La estrategia activa mejor percibida en cuanto a las 3 dimensiones corresponde a método de casos. Por el contrario, las clases invertidas fueron percibidas negativamente en todas las dimensiones. En relación a los docentes, el recurso digital mejor percibido fue videos y cápsulas, destacando la dimensión motivación. Las estrategias activas mejor evaluadas fueron método de casos y clases invertidas. Pese a haber una percepción positiva con respecto a la virtualización, no hay concordancia entre las estrategias activas y recursos digitales mejor evaluados entre docentes y alumnos.

SUMMARY: As a result of the pandemic and the restrictions regarding in person attendance, different learning methodologies had to be explored and implemented to virtualize the contents in the Anatomy subject. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of teachers and students regarding the methodologies used in the virtualization of this subject. An observational-descriptive study with a quantitative approach was carried out. The study population was a convenience sample made up of 57 students and 4 teachers of the Normal Human Anatomy and Embryology subject of the Dentistry degree, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar campus during 2021. These participants answered a validated questionnaire that included closed questions with a 5-level Likert scale, considering learning dimensions, motivation and performance, and qualifying questions to find out the perception of the strategies and resources used. Students positively perceive all digital resources, highlighting the Normal Human Anatomy Manual, with learning being the best evaluated dimension. The best perceived active strategy in terms of the 3 dimensions corresponds to the case method. In contrast, the inverted classes were perceived negatively in all dimensions. In relation to teachers, the best perceived digital resource was videos and capsules, highlighting the motivation dimension. The best evaluated active strategies were the case method and inverted classes. Despite having a positive perception regarding virtualization, there is no agreement between the best evaluated active strategies and digital resources among teachers and students.

Compressed 4-day workweek for dental faculty retention and recruitment.

Faculty recruitment and retention are major concerns faced by dental schools across the country. This increase in faculty shortage impacts training the next generation of clinicians and oral health care delivery in dental institutions, which together will exacerbate challenges related to access to dental care. The objective of this paper is to propose a compressed workweek as an incentive to improve recruitment, retention, and faculty well-being. There are several well-documented benefits of the 4-day workweek which include employee wellness, increased job satisfaction, happiness, and improved perception of personal worth. Cost savings may be also realized with this schedule, as expenses related to transportation and dependent care costs could potentially decrease. Altogether, these benefits have been shown to lead to reduced absenteeism, anxiety, stress, and burnout. This perspective piece will discuss how the 4-day workweek could be implemented in dental institutions, along with the benefits and challenges. Given the shortage of clinical faculty throughout the United States, we recommend this approach not only as a means to attract recent graduates to academia but also to ensure the retention of those who provide clinical instruction.

Perceptions of professional social media interaction with patients and faculty members - a comparative survey among dental students from Malaysia and Finland.

BACKGROUND: Professional and personal boundaries are blurred with the wide application of social media (SM) in the health professions line of work. Little is known about practice of extending friend requests to patients and faculty members among dental students, which encompass a part of E-professionalism. The aim of this study is to assess the factors associated with the perceptions and practices of interactions with patients and faculty on SM among dental students from Malaysia and Finland. METHODS: Dental students from 4 institutions in Malaysia and Finland completed self-administered questionnaires on the practices and perceptions of SM use. The main variables assessed were the perceptions and practices of student-patient and student-faculty communication on SM, between the two countries. Students' country, age, gender, time spent on SM and perceived importance of communicating dental related aspects over SM were analysed as potential explanatory variables. Crosstabulation was used to estimate the distributions of the response variables by the background characteristics. Multivariate analyses were performed using a dichotomous logistic regression model to investigate relevant associations between the responses and the explanatory variables independent from other factors. RESULTS: A total of 643 students completed the survey in March-April 2021. More Malaysian students agreed with "guiding patients online is a new responsibility for dentists in the digital age" compared to Finnish students (86.4% vs. 73.4%). Similarly, significantly more Malaysian students befriended patients (14.1% vs. 1%) and invited faculty to be friends on SM (73.6% vs. 11.8%). Expectedly, clinical year students befriended patients more than pre-clinical (13.8% vs. 6.8%). Significantly more students who felt 'communication of dental related issues over SM' were likely to extend friend requests to faculty rather than accept patient friend requests. CONCLUSIONS: Social media regulations and socio-cultural practices contribute to dental students' attitudes and behaviour when befriending patients and faculty members on social media. Future dental curriculum should incorporate guidelines for professional communication on social media based on local and cultural needs. Students' should be encouraged to interact with their patients using professional identities on social media.

Oral maxillofacial surgery resident, faculty and practitioner role models and dental students' interest in oral maxillofacial surgery careers: Does gender matter?

PURPOSE: Residency programs in oral maxillofacial surgery (OMS) have the lowest percentage (2020: 18.4%) of female graduates among all dental specialty programs. When considering this underrepresentation of female OMS residents, prior studies have not examined how OMS role models might shape dental students' interest in OMS careers. The objectives were to assess female versus male students' OMS-related career motivation, their experiences/attitudes toward three groups of OMS role models (i.e., OMS residents, faculty, and practitioners), and relationships between role model-related experiences/attitudes and career motivation. METHODS: 363 female and 335 male students from 14 United States and two Canadian dental schools participated in this cross-sectional study by responding to an online survey. RESULTS: 13.8% of female and 26% of male respondents (p < 0.001) were much/very much interested in OMS careers. More male than female students had shadowed an OMS in an office setting (43.4% vs. 35.1%; p < 0.05). The groups did not differ in their motivation to learn more and earlier about OMS nor in the quantity of OMS-related experiences prior to and during dental school. However, male students were more satisfied with the quality of these experiences (5-point scale with 5 = most positive: Means: 3.76 vs. 3.53; p < 0.05), were more comfortable approaching/working with OMS instructors (3.51 vs. 3.19; p < 0.01) and reported to have learned more from residents (3.52 vs. 3.31; p < 0.05) and faculty (3.75 vs. 3.45; p < 0.01) than female students. Female students agreed less that OMS residents, faculty, and practitioners encouraged students to pursue OMS (3.27 vs. 3.44; p < 0.01 / 3.46 vs. 3.63; p < 0.01 / 3.45 vs. 3.61; p < 0.01). Role model-related experiences and attitudes correlated with an interest in an OMS career. CONCLUSIONS: The two groups do not differ in the quantity of most OMS experiences before and during dental school and their motivation to learn more and earlier about OMS. However, female students' less positive OMS-related educational experiences and less positive attitudes toward role models correlate with a lower interest in OMS careers.

Modelos de ensino da endodontia em cursos de graduação em odontologia do Estado do Amazonas / Modelos de enseñanza de Endodoncia en cursos de graduación en Odontología en el Estado de Amazonas / Teaching models of Endodontics in undergraduate courses in Dentistry in the State of Amazonas

Este estudo analisou informações referentes ao ensino de Endodontia nos cursos de graduação em Odontologia do Estado do Amazonas. Foi delineado um estudo quantitativo, observacional de corte transversal do tipo survey, respondido pelos docentes responsáveis pela área, que mapeou o modelo do ensino nos cursos com conceito 3 ou superior no Enade 2019 (n=3). A taxa de resposta foi de 100%. Em média a quantidade de alunos por turma foi de 40 indivíduos, dois cursos relataram que a endodontia compõe disciplinas integradas com a supervisão de 2 a 3 docentes especialistas. Houve consenso quanto ao conteúdo programático, sendo estes: anatomia interna; instrumentos endodônticos de aço inox e NiTi; materiais obturadores; medicação intracanal e soluções irrigantes; patologia pulpar e periapical; filosofia do tratamento endodôntico e emergências endodônticas. Em relação aos protocolos, a odontometria manual é realizada em todos os cursos; a manobra de patência foraminal é ensinada em todos os cursos, sendo realizada no tratamento de dentes vitais e necrosados em dois cursos. O limite apical variou entre 0,5 e 1mm para dentes com necrose ou vitalidade pulpar, respectivamente. A utilização de sistemas de instrumentação de NiTi manuais, rotatórios e reciprocantes são ensinados nos três cursos, porém o manual é predominante. Houve consenso na utilização do hipoclorito de sódio a 2% como solução irrigante e da escolha do hidróxido de cálcio como base da medicação intracanal. Conclui-se que os cursos possuem convergência do modelo de ensino da Endodontia, principalmente nos alicerces da especialidade que são a integração com outras disciplinas, a carga horária, as metas de tratamento, o conteúdo programático e a apresentação das novas tecnologias (AU).

Este estudio analizó informaciones sobre la enseñanza de Endodoncia en cursos de graduación en Odontología en el Estado de Amazonas. Se diseñó un estudio transversal observacional cuantitativo del tipo encuesta, respondida por los profesores responsables del área, que mapeó el modelo de enseñanza en cursos con concepto 3 o superior en Enade 2019 (n=3). La tasa de respuesta fue del 100%. En promedio, el número de alumnos por clase fue de 40 individuos, dos cursos informaron que la endodoncia comprende disciplinas integradas con la supervisión de 2 a 3 profesores especialistas. Hubo consenso sobre el contenido del plan de estudios, a saber: anatomía interna; instrumentos de endodoncia de acero inoxidable y NiTi; materiales de relleno; medicación intracanal y soluciones de irrigación; patología pulpar y periapical; filosofía del tratamiento endodóntico y emergencias endodónticas. En cuanto a los protocolos, en todos los cursos se realiza odontometría manual; la maniobra de permeabilidad foraminal se enseña en todos los cursos, realizándose en el tratamiento de dientes vitales y necróticos en dos cursos. El límite apical varió entre 0,5 y 1 mm para dientes con necrosis o vitalidad pulpar, respectivamente. En los tres cursos se enseña el uso de sistemas de instrumentación manuales, rotatorios y alternativos de NiTi, pero predomina el manual. Hubo consenso en el uso de hipoclorito de sodio al 2% como solución de irrigación y en la elección del hidróxido de calcio como base para la medicación intracanal. Se concluye que los cursos tienen convergencia del modelo de enseñanza de Endodoncia, principalmente en los fundamentos de la especialidad, que son la integración con otras disciplinas, la carga horaria, los objetivos del tratamiento, el temario y la presentación de nuevas tecnologías (AU).

This study analyzed information regarding the teaching of Endodontics in undergraduate courses in Dentistry in the State of Amazonas. A quantitative, observational cross-sectional study of the survey type was designed, answered by the professors responsible for the area, which mapped the teaching model in courses with concept 3 or higher in Enade 2019 (n=3). The response rate was 100%. On average, the number of students per class was 40 individuals, two courses reported that endodontics comprises integrated disciplines with the supervision of 2 to 3 specialist professors. There was consensus on the syllabus content, namely: internal anatomy; stainless steel and NiTi endodontic instruments; filling materials; intracanal medication and irrigating solutions; pulpal and periapical pathology; philosophy of endodontic treatment and endodontic emergencies. Regarding protocols, manual odontometry is performed in all courses; the foraminal patency maneuver is taught in all courses, being performed in the treatment of vital and necrotic teeth in two courses. The apical limit varied between 0.5 and 1mm for teeth with necrosis or pulpal vitality, respectively. The use of manual, rotary and reciprocating NiTi instrumentation systems are taught in all three courses, but the manual is predominant. There was consensus on the use of 2% sodium hypochlorite as an irrigating solution and on the choice of calcium hydroxide as the basis for intracanal medication. It is concluded that the courses have convergence of the Endodontics teaching model, mainly in the foundations of the specialty, which are the integration with other disciplines, the workload, the treatment goals, the syllabus and the presentation of new technologies (AU).

Abordagem integrativa na prática de bioquímica: do laboratório à clínica / Integrative approach in biochemistry practice from laboratory to clinic

Objetivou-se relatar a experiência de discentes e docentes diante da aplicação de ferramentas de metodologia ativa para a integração dos temas de Bioquímica com os das disciplinas do eixo clínico-profissional. Inicialmente, as subturmas da aula prática foram divididas em equipes de trabalho. Os alunos receberam um protocolo contendo objetivos, princípios gerais e procedimentos na semana anterior à aula prática. Nos dias das aulas de "Preparo de Soluções" e "Capacidade Tamponante", um artigo científico relativo à Odontologia foi entregue para leitura e discussão em grupo. Como atividade prática, as equipes recebiam um desafio relacionado ao artigo e que exigiria aplicação dos objetivos de aula. Esta experiência demonstrou que a metodologia ativa pode funcionar como facilitadora para uma abordagem contextualizada e integrada da Bioquímica, refletindo em maior engajamento e rendimento dos alunos, além de contribuir para um aprendizado significativo (AU).

El objetivo fue relatar la experiencia de estudiantes y profesores en cuanto a la aplicación de herramientas metodológicas activas para la integración de los temas de Bioquímica con los de las disciplinas del eje clínico-profesional. Inicialmente, las subclases de la clase práctica se dividían en equipos de trabajo. Los estudiantes recibieron un protocolo con objetivos, principios generales y procedimientos en la semana anterior a la clase práctica. En los días de las clases de "Preparación de Soluciones" y "Capacidad Amortiguadora", se entregó un artículo científico relacionado con la Odontología para lectura y discusión en grupo. Como actividad práctica, los equipos recibieron un reto relacionado con el artículo y que requería la aplicación de los objetivos de clase. Esta experiencia demostró que la metodología activa puede funcionar como facilitadora de un abordaje contextualizado e integrado de la Bioquímica, reflejándose en un mayor compromiso y desempeño de los estudiantes, además de contribuir al aprendizaje significativo (AU).

The objective was to report the experience of students and professors regarding the application of active methodology tools aimed at integrating Biochemistry themes with those of the disciplines from the clinical-professional axis. Initially, subgroups forthe practical class were divided into work teams. The students received a protocol containing objectives, general principles and procedures the week before the practical class. On the days of the "Preparation of Solutions" and "Buffering Capacity" classes, a scientific article related to Dentistry was delivered for group reading and discussion. As a practical activity, the teams received a challenge related to the article,which would require application of the class objectives. This experience demonstrated that the active methodology can work as a facilitator for a contextualized and integrated approach to Biochemistry, reflecting in greater engagement and student performance, in addition to contributing to meaningful learning (AU).

Retorno das atividades presenciais nos cursos de Odontologia brasileiros na pandemia de COVID-19: comparação entre instituições públicas e privadas / Retorno de las actividades presenciales en los cursos de Odontología brasileños durante la pandemia de COVID-19: comparación entre instituciones públicas y privadas / Return of on-site activities in Brazilian Dentistry courses during the COVID-19 pandemic: comparison between public and private institutions

Trata-se de estudo quanti-qualitativo que analisa o retorno das atividades presenciais nos cursos de Odontologia brasileiros, durante a pandemia de COVID-19, e as dificuldades enfrentadas, comparando instituições públicas e privadas. Um formulário on-line com questões abertas e fechadas foi encaminhado por e-mail aos representantes dos cursos de Odontologia, de março a junho de 2021. Foram incluídos os cursos cadastrados no sitee-MEC iniciados até 2017. A análise quantitativa utilizou os testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e t de Student(p<0,05); uma questão aberta foi submetida à análise temática de conteúdo. Dos 329 cursos elegíveis, foram respondidos 83 formulários (21 públicos e 62 privados). Os cursos de instituições públicas apresentaram menor frequência de retorno das atividades presenciais até a data da coleta (p=0,038), inclusive com maior proporção de suspensão das atividades clínicas e laboratoriais (p≤0,001), mas sem diferença para aulas teóricas remotas (p>0,05). Os cursos privados demonstraram ter maior disponibilidade de recursos para o retorno presencial, tais como: estrutura, funcionários e docentes (p<0,001). Apesar das normas de biossegurança constituírem um desafio comum, as principais dificuldades relatadas nas instituições privadas diante do retorno das atividades presenciais foram a modulação ou escalonamento das turmas e ambientes de aula, controle do fluxo de pessoas e implantação de protocolos. Nas públicas, destacam-se dificuldades relacionadas à adequação da estrutura e aquisição de materiais. Conclui-se que a maioria dos cursos de Odontologia havia retomado às aulas no início de 2021, mas as instituições privadas apresentaram maior proporção de retorno às atividades laboratoriais e clínicas presenciais (AU).

Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo que analiza el retorno de las actividades presenciales en las carreras de Odontología brasileñas, durante la pandemia de COVID-19, y las dificultades enfrentadas, comparando instituciones públicas y privadas. Se envió por correo electrónico un formulario en línea con preguntas abiertas y cerradas a los representantes de los cursos de Odontología, de marzo a junio de 2021. Se incluyeron los cursos registrados en el sitio web de e-MEC que iniciaron hasta el año 2017. El análisis cuantitativo utilizó las pruebas chi-cuadrado, Fisher exacta y t de Student (p<0,05); se sometió una pregunta abierta al análisis de contenido temático. De los 329 cursos elegibles, se completaron 83 formularios (21 públicos y 62 privados). Los cursos de instituciones públicas mostraron una menor frecuencia de retorno a actividades presenciales hasta la fecha de cobro (p=0,038), incluyendo una mayor proporción de suspensión de actividades clínicas y de laboratorio (p≤0,001), pero sin diferencia para clases teóricas remotas (p >0.05). Los cursos privados demostraron mayor disponibilidad de recursos para el retorno presencial, tales como: estructura, personal y docentes (p<0,001). Si bien los estándares de bioseguridad constituyen un desafío común, las principales dificultades reportadas en las instituciones privadas ante el regreso de las actividades presenciales fueron modular o escalonar clases y ambientes de aula, controlar el flujo de personas e implementar protocolos. En las públicas destacan dificultades relacionadas con la adecuación de la estructura y adquisición de materiales. Se concluye que la mayoría de las carreras de Odontología habían retomado clases a inicios de 2021, pero las instituciones privadas tuvieron una mayor proporción de retorno a las actividades presenciales de laboratorio y clínicas (AU).

This is a quantitative-qualitative study analyzing the return of on-site activities in Brazilian dentistry undergraduate courses during the COVID-19 pandemic and the difficulties faced, comparing public and private institutions. An online form with open and multiple-choice questions was sent via e-mail to the representatives of dentistry courses from March to June 2021. The courses included were those registered on the e-MEC webpage that had started up to 2017. The quantitative analysis employed the chi-square, the Fisher exact, and the T student tests (p<0.05); the open question was subjected to thematic content analysis. Out of the 329 eligible courses, 83 forms were answered and returned (21 public and 62 private). Public institution courses showed lower frequency of return to on-site activities up tothe data collection (p=0.038), and presented higher proportion of suspension of clinical and laboratory activities (p≤0.001), but no difference regarding remote theoretical lessons (p>0.05). Private courses showed higher availability of resources supporting the return to on-site activities, namely, structure, workers, and professors (p<0.001). Although biosafety norms presented a common challenge, the main difficulties reported in private institutions related to the return to on-site activities were the modulation and schedule of the classes and lesson environments, controlling the flow of people, and the implementation of protocols. Public institutions highlighted difficulties related to adjustment of the structure and material acquisition. The results showed that most dentistry courses had returned to on-site lessons in the early 2021, but private institutions reported higher proportion of return to on-site laboratory and clinical activities (AU).

O estágio curricular na atenção primária à saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19: desafios e reinvenções para a formação em Odontologia / La pasantía curricular en atención primaria de salud durante la pandemia COVID-19: desafíos y reinvenciones para la formación en Odontología / The curricular internship in primary health care during the COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and reinventions for Dentistry education

O Decreto Legislativo n. 6/2020 reconheceu a ocorrência do estado de calamidade pública em razão da COVID-19, o que suscitou a suspensão das atividades presenciais nas instituições de ensino superior. O objetivo deste relato foi descrever e analisar a experiência de docentes e estudantes de graduação em Odontologia nos estágios curriculares na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) durante o Ensino Remoto Emergencial (ERE). Trata-se de um relato de experiência de docentes e monitoras com três turmas do penúltimo semestre de um curso diurno de Odontologia, no período letivo entre 2020/1 a 2021/2, totalizando 109 estudantes. Foram consultados documentos institucionais e registros dos docentes sobre as atividades de ensino. O método utilizado foi o de Sistematização deExperiências. Em agosto de 2020, com o início do ERE, o percurso do estágio foi reorganizado e a carga horária redistribuída, com os estudantes sendo preparados para posterior atuação na APS. A partir de janeiro de 2021, o estágio, que enfrentou desafios e reinvenções, foi desenvolvido na modalidade híbrida com vivências práticas nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS). Em relação aos desafios, destacam-se a capacitação para o ensino virtual; o aprendizado de lidar com as vidas perdidas; a rescisão de contratos dos profissionais das UBS, o número restrito de serviços para atender as turmas acumuladas e a expectativa de atuação clínica dos estudantes versus as restrições sanitárias. Relacionado às reinvenções, destacam-se o preenchimento e assinatura dos termos virtualmente e abertura de campos de estágio nas cidades do interior. As reconfigurações do estágio buscaram a integração entre a teoria e a prática e possibilitaram, além da formatura dos estudantes, a aquisição do arcabouço didático-pedagógico para o desenvolvimento de competências profissionais (AU).

Decreto Legislativo núm. 6/2020 reconoció la ocurrencia de un estado de calamidad pública por causa del COVID-19, que motivó la suspensión de actividades presenciales en las instituciones de educación superior. El objetivo de este informe fue describir y analizar la experiencia de profesores y estudiantes de pregrado en Odontología en prácticas curriculares en Atención Primaria a la Salud (APS) durante la Educación a Distancia de Emergencia (ERE). Se trata de un informe de la experiencia de docentes y monitores con tres clases del penúltimo semestre de una carrera diurna de Odontología, en el periodo académico comprendido entre 2020/1 y 2021/2, totalizando 109 estudiantes. Se consultaron documentos institucionales y registros docentes sobre la actividad docente. El método utilizado fue la Sistematización de Experiencias. En agosto de 2020, con el inicio del ERE, se reorganizó la ruta de prácticas y se redistribuyó la carga horaria, preparándose los estudiantes para su posterior trabajo en la APS. A partir de enero de 2021, la pasantía, que enfrentó desafíos y reinvenciones, se desarrolló en una modalidad híbrida con experiencias prácticas en Unidades Básicas de Salud (UBS). En cuanto a los desafíos, destaca la formación para la docencia virtual; aprender a lidiar con las vidas perdidas; la rescisión de contratos de los profesionales de la UBS, la restricción del número de servicios para atender las clases acumuladas y la expectativa de desempeño clínico de los estudiantes versus las restricciones sanitarias. Enrelación con las reinvenciones, las más destacadas son la cumplimentación y firma de plazos de forma virtual y la apertura de campamentos de pasantías en ciudades del interior. Las reconfiguraciones de la pasantía buscaron la integración entre teoría y práctica y permitieron, además de la graduación de los estudiantes, la adquisición del marco didáctico-pedagógico para el desarrollo de habilidades profesionales (AU).

The Law Decree n. 6/2020 recognized the occurrence of public calamity due to COVID-19, which led to the interruption of in-person activities in higher education institutions. The aim of this report is to describe and analyze the experience of professors and undergraduate Dentistry students in curricular internships in Primary Health Care (PHC) during Emergency Distance Learning (EDL). This paper reports the experience of professors and monitors with three classes from the last but one semester of adaytime Dentistry course in the academic period between 2020/1 and 2021/2, adding up to 109 students. Institutional documents and professors' records on teaching activities were consulted. The method used was Systematization of Experiences. In August 2020, with the onset of EDL, the internship was reorganized, and the workload redistributed, preparing the students for later work at PHC. After January 2021, the internship, which faced challenges and reinventions, was developed in hybrid modality with practical experiences in Basic Health Units (UBS). Regarding the challenges, the training for virtual teaching is highlighted, as well as learning to deal with lost lives, the termination of contracts of UBS professionals, the restricted number of services to assist the accumulated classes and the expectation of clinical performance of students as opposed to the health restrictions. Concerning the reinventions, the most outstanding are filling and signing terms virtually and opening internship fields in countryside cities. The reconfigurations of internship aimed at the integration between theory and practice; besides the students' graduation, it enabled the acquisition of didactic-pedagogical framework for the development of professional skills (AU).